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Baby Incubator

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A Frenchman named Budin is credited with having invented, in 1880, a crude baby incubator: a wooden cabinet heated by pans of hot water. In 1891 Budin’s countryman, Dr. Alexandre Lion, introduced a more sophisticated incubator, or couveuse, which both filtered air and kept it at a constant temperature.

Blood Transfusion

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The principle of blood transfusion was understood as early as 1665, when an Englishman, Richard Lower, transfused blood between animals. Two years later, Jean-Baptiste Denys, physician to King Louis XIV, transfused two pints of blood from a sheep to a young man.

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But so great was the danger of a patient’s receiving blood incompatible with his own that transfusion was rarely attempted. Although Dr. James Blundell of Guy’s Hospital, London, gave human blood to a patient in 1818, transfusion did not become safe until 1900, when Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian pathologist, identified the four different types of human blood. He developed the groupings (known today as the ABO system) that made it possible to match donors and patients.

Contact Lenses

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Although first suggested in 1827 by the British astronomer Sir John Herschel, contact lenses were not manufactured until 1887, when a Swiss doctor, Eugen Frick of Zurich, devised a means of producing precision lenses. The Zeiss factory in Jena, in what is today. East Germany, manufactured the first contact lenses.

Credit Card

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Credit cards for the purchase of gasoline were common in the United States in the 1920’s. However, it was not until May 1950 that Diners Club introduced the first general-purpose credit card.

Guillotine

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The guillotine was named for Joseph Ignace Guillotin, the French physician who had proposed its use during the Revolution. But Guillotin was not the inventor.

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A beheading device is known to have been used in Ireland in 1307, and in 1587 William Harrison, an English historian, described the “Halifax gibbet,” a guillotinelike instrument that had a horizontal blade rather than a slanting one; it had been in use since very early times. In 1581 William Harrison, an English historian, described the “Halifax gibbet,” a guillotinelike instrument that had a horizontal blade rather than a slanting one; it had been in use since very early times. In 1581 a version known as the Maiden was used in Scotland to behead the regent, James Morton, for his part in the murder of Henry Darnley, husband of Mary, queen of Scots.

In–Flight Movie

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In April 1925, on an Imperial Airways flight from London to Paris, a passenger could view the 1924 silent film version of The Lost World by Arthur Conan Doyle. It was not until 1961, however, that Trans World Airlines became the first commercial airline to introduce in-flight movies as a regular service.

Jukebox

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An Edison phonograph jukebox, invented by Louis Glass, was set up in San Francisco in 1889. John C. Dunton’s 1905 invention was the first to offer a choice of 24 cylinder recordings. The first jukebox using disc recordings were made in Chicago a year later.

Space Travel

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Although evidence is scanty, it appears that four monkeys were the first animals to enter the earth’s stratosphere via a V – 2rocket launched from White Sands, New Mexico, in 1951. The next year Aerobee rockets with monkeys and mice on board were frequently launched to test the effects of weightlessness. But usually the U.S.S.R. is credited with having started the age of space travel by launching the dog Laika into orbit on board Sputnik 2 on November 3, 1957.

Stereo

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Within five years of Alexander Graham Bell’s invention of the telephone in 1876, Clement Adler, a French engineer, had devised a primitive form of stereophonic transmission. He linked telephone receivers in a hotel to transmitters on the stage of the Paris Opera, four miles away. But after more than 50 years passed before the technique became practical for domestic use. In 1933 British inventor Alan Dower Blumlein patented the stereophonic records did not go on sale in the United States until 1958 – 25 years later.

Tooth Care

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Strong evidence suggests that the first toothbrush was made in China in 1498. It was certainly in use in Europe in the 17th century, and various pastes and powders were sold for use as cleaning agents. The first toothpaste to be sold in a collapsible metal tube was Dr. Zierner’s Alexandra Dentifrices, marketed in Britain in 1891.

Videodiscs

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Major Radiovision of London began selling videodiscs in June 1935. Each side of a disc offered six minutes of sound and pictures; they were reproduced by means of a device linked to a primitive television set. The discs were never commercially successful