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What is the Speed of Sound?

In normal atmospheric conditions, the speed of sound through air at sea level is 768 miles per hour or 343 meters per second or roughly one mile in five seds.  Get a friend to stand at one end of a long, straight road and you stand at the other end.  Now get your friend to clap.  Notice the difference between the time you see them clap and the time you actually hear the clap.

Up the temperature, and sound travels that bit faster again.  Send it through water though and it travels around 4.3 times faster at 1484 meters per second.  Try sending it through iron, and it will speed up again to around 5120 meters per second.  That’s a swift 2304 miles per hour.

Don’t confuse the way you use the term ‘Mach’ though.  ‘Mach 1’ does not strictly refer to the speed of sound.  The Mach scale refers to the velocity of an object in relation to the speed of sound.  If the object is travelling at the speed of sound it is said to be travelling at Mach 1.  If it is travelling at twice the speed of sound it is travelling at Mach 2 and so on.  (Ernst Mach was the first man to publish a paper on the principles of supersonics in 1877.)

Reading this will also tell you what I mean when I talk about theory one or two. (This will be a long article, but there will be tea and coffee at the end).

Say in the future, we (humans) manage to build a device that allows us to travel back in time. What would we do with it? Well, eventually, some bright spark would say: Let’s go back in time and give the technology to our past selves, so by this time, we’ll be really good at it, and everyone will have one.

So after much arguing and debating, the people in charge finally let him or her go back in time, with a piece of the technology. Specifically, our present. What happens next?

Well, according to theory one to theory one, a myriad of possibilities could happen. But it boils down to two basic things: either he gives the tech to us, or he doesn’t.

If he does, our whole future changes, and he ceases to exist. Which means he or she wasn’t around to come back in time to give us the tech. So the future changes back to its original state, he or she goes back in time again… blah blah blah.

Or he doesn’t manage to give the tech to them, but disrupts the time zone anyway. Thus maybe the tech never exists, and he or she doesn’t come back to give it to us. It’s an endless cycle. Which, if you have read my other post, you will know I don’t believe in.

So, according to theory two, seeing as we having got the technology so far, we can only assume that we do in fact get it in the future, or no-one ever comes back to give it to us. Or we never get it at all. Because Mr Man from the future maybe breaks the tech by accident. Or something along those lines. We may never know.

Of course, if theory one is real, and almost every single person from the future time travels back here (for any reason, probably due to them trying to escape pollution), they would take up space. As there would probably also be lots more of them than there are now (as you may know from our rapidly increasing population), then there would be more air pressure, as we would all take up some space. This may in fact kill us all. Thus, there would be no people from the future to come back. And it would be an endless loop once again. So it’s always going to be either an endless loop, or we won’t have the tech by now, no matter what, or we never get the tech to travel back in time. You choose what you believe.

Hope you liked me writing this, and I hope you understand it. And, as promised, here is the coffee and tea:

• the car and motorcycle had an inelastic collision and the wreckage was found to be 25 meters west of the crash location.
• the speed limit on the highway is 45 mph.
• the car has a mass of 2400 kg
• the motorcycle has a mass of 400 kg
• the driver of the car has a mass of 100 kg
• the driver of the motorcycle has a mass of 100 kg
• the motorcycle driver was thrown from his bike, and landed (miraculously without serious injury) a distance of 155 meters east of the wreckage.
• the observer saw the motorcycle driver leave the bike at a 45 degree angle after the collision
• the observer saw the wreckage come to a stop in 5 seconds (from the time of collision).

Find who was at fault and the speed of each vehicle.

As early as the late18th century, a British amateur astronomer Reverend John Michel put forward the idea of these bodies with gravity very strong enough to prevent light from escaping. And in 1795 Pierre-Simon Laplace of France arrived at the same deduction independently. But having lived in the period in which scientific developments were just starting, none of them succeeded at providing proofs for their bizarre hypothesis. Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity published in 1916 would later provide compelling and striking theoretical backing for the existence of these invisible, yet extremely massive heavenly objects.

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Simulated view of a black hole in front of the Milky Way. The hole has 10 solar masses and is viewed from a distance of 600 km.

One of the grand deductions from Einstein’s field equations is the attachment of time as the fourth dimension, making a four dimensional firmament that Einstein aptly called spacetime. He went on to show the what is now considered as the main crux of the General Theory – the alteration of spacetime geometry when enfolding massive bodies. Very dense or massive objects curve spacetime around it. And everything is constrained to traverse or get dragged into that spacetime curvature, including light. So instead of a force as viewed from the Newtonian theory, gravitation according to Einstein is spacetime warping, leaving the Newtonian gravitation as an accurate approximation only of the new theory in which the former remains nevertheless extremely accurate at predicting behaviors of such relatively non-massive entities  as the planets in our solar system, but when it comes to gigantic bodies in the universe, gravitation being viewed as force fails and as spacetime curvature comes into play. Being the most massive object in the solar system, Einstein predicted and provided rigorous proofs for such curvature existing at the sun and that external light rays passing nearby will traverse such curvature, thus the bending of light.

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Warping of spacetime caused by the presence of a massive and dense body

Controversial at first, but Einstein became extremely famous when the bending of a star light passing near the sun was experimentally confirmed by Arthur Eddington of England during the 1919 total solar eclipse. Here on earth flashlights always travel on a straight line path because the earth’s mass and density are insignificant to cause our own spacetime encompassing our little planet to warp, thus the no event or observation of light bending in the earthbound setting.

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Bending of a starlight near the sun

Although spacetime warping and the bending of light near the sun was some indication of the black hole grabbing light into it was not used by Einstein to argue in favor of the existence of the black hole. He reasoned that black hole was sheer product of bizarre illusions of the human mind. In fact, barely three months after the publication of the General Theory, a young German physicist, Karl Swartzchild found one of the exact solutions to Einstein’s field equations whose result pointed out strongly to the existence of the black hole. The creator of the theory was all appreciation to the solution that he himself missed to obtain, but surprisingly black holes in the mind of Einstein until his death in 1955 were just sort of mathematical curiosity that simply did not exist.

Nevertheless, Einstein’s theory is now the cosmologists’ primary tool in unlocking the mysteries of the universe involving complex mathematical proofs for the existence of these strange heavenly bodies.

In addition, the more sophisticated scientific methods and advancement in scientific knowledge today are now gradually bringing to light more compelling evidences of these invisible and strange objects.

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A NASA concept drawing of a black hole

Among the multitude of observed facts supporting their presence are the many recurrent sightings of stars revolving around an invisible center. These are compelling evidences for the orbital motion of heavenly bodies is due to the constant gravitational grip of a much larger body. The situation is pretty much similar to our solar system with the planets revolving around the sun. Alternatively, one may observe gas (from a nearby star, for instance) that has been drawn into the black hole. The gas spirals inward, heating up to very high temperatures and emitting large amounts of radiation that can be detected from earthbound and earth-orbiting telescopes. Such observations have resulted in the general scientific consensus that-barring a breakdown in our understanding of nature-black holes do exist in our universe (Wikepedia).

Quiet remarkably, these discoveries are just subsequent results of further scientific explorations that may have not been ventured upon without the strong theoretical indications provided by the General Theory of Relativity.

One theory concerning the strange disappearances of the surface crafts as well as aircraft in the triangle is the opening and closing of dimensional portals. There have been reports of strange swirling lights sometimes accompanied by sounds – temporal distortions – electromagnetic distortions called “electronic fog” that can cause a time storm, and the disappearance of planes and ships. There is something about this fog that is important and gives one the sense of all things paranormal. Who knows maybe one day our scientist of the world may decide to really dig in and explore this option; it would clear a lot of things up and bring closure to the mysteries of the Bermuda Triangle.

Something unexplained is definitely happening in that region of the Atlantic. Christopher Columbus and his crew experienced this very same phenomenon in 1492. This was also reported in the ships log as well as in his journals.

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This theory may also explain how a whole squadron of navy aircraft seemingly disappeared and then reappeared while on a routine mission over the Triangle. The planes encountered an unusual glow in the atmosphere. Unknown to the pilots at the time, they passed off their short exposure to the phenomena as weird, and it raised no alarms. The atomic structure of the airplanes and passengers had been permanently altered due to the absorption of sub atomic particles that would be released as they approached the shifts between the dimensional portal doorways. This would also explain why they could make sporadic contact with the operational base in this dimension, just before they disappeared.

Some strongly believe that the Bermuda Triangle may also be a portal that extraterrestrial beings use to visit our world and time. That they on coming through the portals collect what ever they can rather it be machines or mankind as the object of studies by their race.

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Now that’s another interesting point to ponder; it deserves some investigation as well. On many occasions the personal accounts and memories of those claiming that they have been abducted by aliens, tell of how their captors told them that they’re visiting from a parallel world within this world. This again points to dimensional travel.

Another potential avenue that could and should be investigated is the theories concerning, “Time Travel “and portals that I would term “Time Portals”. Some of the great thinkers of our time such as “Einstein” and “Michio Kaku” have put forth their theories concerning this and even touched on folding the fabric of time into itself which in theory could create what is called, “Slip Streaming”.

Michio Kaku Speaks about this also in the video above concerning Time Travel, Parallel Universes and Man’s Reality. This theory has been proven theoretically possible in the near future.

What if the Bermuda Triangle is a natural occurring doorway that opens up on a random scale? Based on the evidence and theories, it is possible that what has been happening in the Triangle for hundreds maybe even thousands of years.

You be the judge. Thinking outside the box has brought to life many things and also opened new doors in which we can walk through to discover many new and interesting things.

The second force is capillary action. Capillary action is when liquids climb the walls of a tube or pull away from them. It occurs due to cohesion and adhesion. Cohesion is the forces of attraction between the molecules of the liquid. Molecules of a liquid are either charged positive or negative in accordance to the atoms the liquid is made of. For instance, water is made of hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen is partly negatively charged and partially positively charged. This charging keeps the water molecules held together by the hydrogen bond. In all liquids, some type of bonding will be found. While the liquid is climbing up, cohesion keeps the liquid together and intact. Adhesion is the attracting of liquid molecules to each other. In this situation, it is the surface of the water that climbs. Adhesion helps move forward against gravitational forces. Thus, capillary action uses adhesion and cohesion to help the liquid cling to the sides of the straw.

Suction also plays a significant part when liquids are moving upward. When you suck on a straw, the straw creates a vacuum (low pressure) on one side of the straw while atmospheric pressure and water column pressure are pressuring on the waterside. The different pressure causes the water to rise into your mouth.

Viscosity is very important in the rising of liquids through a straw. If the liquid’s viscosity is greater, more force is needed to maintain fluid flow through the straw. More suction is needed. If the liquid has a very high viscosity, it may not have the ability to flow through the straw.

From all the forces causing the liquid to move upward, I would have to say that capillary action is the most significant. Without this force, the liquid would not be able to cling to the sides of the straw, therefore not being able to reach the mouth of the person.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/gi/127757006/

My theory of what we interpret a dream to be might be misunderstood. What if we were actually reading particles of light? Photons can possibly engage with actual visual presents. Just like a computer carries 000011111 (bits of information) and basically reforms it back into the correct format so we can understand it. Humans absorb light throughout their life and its broke down into all sorts of electrical pathways.

To understand light you have to look at what it is made of and how it works.

In physics, light is made up of photons. These are particles made up of electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths. To go into too much detail can be confusing, but they travel at the speed of light. Photons have both wave and particle properties. This basically determines the way it travels and what energy it stores to enable it to reach vast distances. Its energy can be transferred when it reacts with other particles, hence a particle Exchange and Interaction.

If a particle is going the speed of light, all the information it absorbs will have already happened. This is because if you travel the speed of light, what we define as TIME slows down. So if a photon travelling from the Sun or a distance star bounces around other galaxies or races around our planet before it comes into contact with a human mind. Then there could be a possibility that our brain can interpret an electric path of information from that sequence stored via a photon.

How does a photon or photon properties get into out electric stimulation via our brain?

Light passes through transparent matter but at a lower speed. The first thing you think of when reading this information is the eyes on the human body. Light is refracted through the eyes in order for us to make sense of images around us. The photon energy must interact or go somewhere else. Maybe we have developed a way of reading this information in the form of dreams.

We are best able to read these particles in a sequence when we are awakening or daydreaming.

If you read books on physics its all in there. But we are well off understanding it.

So if we can read this information, this would explain why humans come up with ideas and wake up with answers. The list goes on. If you look at human history, especially in comic formats, or future visions, artists impression etc. They have actually come true. Are humans seeing vivid images of there future life through light particles? Or for that matter maybe we are picking up vast amounts of information from other galaxies across the universe.