Zoology Cheat Sheey

Chapter 1

Evolution is defined as “the change in the genetic makeup of populations of organisms over time”

Evolution is the source of animal diversity and defines taxonomic relationships

Chapter2

Microfilaments and microtubules organized into cytoskeleton (provides shape and facilitates intracellular movement

Phospholipids have one polar and one nonpolar end. Polar ends (phosphate portion) are hydrophylic Nonpolar end (tail) are hydrophobic

Carbohydrates unite with proteins and form glycoproteins , Carbohydrates unite with lipids to form glycolipids , Combine on membrane surface to form the glycocalyx (“cell coat”)

Cell Membranes:  Regulate material moving in/out of cell, Separate inside and outside of cell, Separate various organelles within cell, Provide large surface area

Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell:  Krebs cycle, electron transport, synthesis of ATP, Using complex carbohydrates (such as glucose) as fuel for reduction reactions

5 levels of organization in cells:  protoplasmic organization, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system

Types of Tissue:  Epithelial-covers or lines something(skin), connective-provides protection or support, muscle-3 kinds:skeletal, smooth, cardiac, or nervous-several types of cell

•           Chapter3

Some cells normally stop in interphase , Neurons in human brain

Adverse conditions can stop cycle- Nutrient-deprived amoebas get stuck in interphase , Prokaryotic organisms go through prokaryotic fission

Chromosome – A DNA molecule & attached proteins à Duplicated in prep for mitosis

Somatic cells-Chromosome number is diploid (2n):  Two of each type of chromosome

Gametes (Sex cells –egg, sperm)-Chromosome number is haploid (n):  One of each chromosome type

Diploid chromosome number (n) = 46 (Two sets of 23 chromosomes each)

Interphase-Usually longest part of the cycle, Cell increases in mass, Number of cytoplasmic components doubles, DNA is duplicated

Prophase- chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope begins to break up, new microtubules are assembled, one centriole is moved toward opposite pole of spindle

Metaphase-All chromosomes are lined up at the spindle equator, Chromosomes are maximally condensed

Anaphase-Sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart, Once separated, each chromatid is a chromosome 

Telophase- Chromosomes decondense , Two nuclear membranes form, one around each set of unduplicated chromosomes

Results – Two daughter nuclei Each with same chromosome number as parent cell, Chromosomes in unduplicated form

Chapter 4 + 5 – evolution

Hippocrates – All aspects of nature can be traced to their underlying causes, Aristotle – Each organism is distinct from all the rest and nature is a continuum of organization