The Difference Between Plant Cells and Animal Cells
There is a wide variety of differences between these two cells. I’m here to explain that too you. Let’s begin.
Plant and animal cells are alike and different in many ways. They are alike because they both have cytoplasm, cell membranes, & ribosomes. Let’s get to the differences.
Let’s start with plant cells.These cells are eukaryotic, or called a eukaryote(you•care•E•oats)have different cell stuctures (seen above) than animal cells, (which are also eukaryotes). Plant cells have cell walls to protect the insides of the cell. A eukaryote will always have a cell membrane made of plasma. A cell membrane holds a diversity of molecules, mostly proteins & lipids. It also acts as a connector,for which two pieces of the cytoskeleton can attach together, and it can attach two pieces of the cell wall.
Cytoplasm fills most of the cell with a gel-like substance. Then we have the ribosomes. Ribosomes act as messengers for a nucleiod and message protein. A nucleiod in a eukaryote is like a central spot. Like I told you before, the nucleiod tells the ribosome to give a message to protein. Inclusions (not ‘in conclusion’) are substances that may be in a cell, varying on the cell type. It stores nutrients and others things too.
These are all animal cells. We are now going to move onto the animal cells. A animal cell has a internal membrane, much like a plant cell. Vacuoles form by budding off a membrane. Vacuoles can hold energy, food, or waste. Mitochondrian can be found in almost all animal cell. They play an important role in a cell. They make energy for the cell. They have their own DNA and are protected by double layered membranes. Ribosomes are formed by the fission of mitochondrian. Plastids are in animal cells and they take the shape of chloroplasts. They are used to store food. A cells skeleton is called a cytoskeleton, much like an exoskeleton.
Liked it
On September 13, 2008 at 1:39 pm
… get your information correct. plant cells are eukaryotic because they contain a nucleus unlike prokaryotes. you need to check your information before you post it.
On September 14, 2008 at 12:35 pm
Well, I tried! just for your information, I’m only 10. But I will fix this immediatly.
On September 15, 2008 at 12:38 pm
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On September 15, 2008 at 4:29 pm
Well, I’m sorry if you didn’t like it.
On September 17, 2008 at 2:59 am
Great job!
On September 17, 2008 at 4:45 pm
Thankyou a million!
On September 22, 2008 at 6:08 pm
this is a great sight it helped me alot! thanks!
On September 23, 2008 at 8:22 am
wow…
why would you make a site with wrong information??
that should be illegal.
On September 25, 2008 at 6:41 am
This helped my homework alot! thank you for do this. even you are in same age with me!
On September 27, 2008 at 9:21 pm
u a nerd studying all these frikin cells but tanxs for da info nerd!
On September 28, 2008 at 3:09 pm
Thankyou all. I’m sorry if you think im a nerd,but I’m just trying to getmoney out of this and to help people. It’s very awesome that I helped you with your homework Diane. I’m very glad that I helped all of you.
On September 28, 2008 at 6:59 pm
Thanks, its always easy to find information on the page a smart person created!!!!!!’_~
On September 28, 2008 at 7:03 pm
Don’t mind what others say, your website is spectacular!
……….I’m two years older than you.
On October 6, 2008 at 5:59 pm
ioooio
On October 23, 2008 at 3:08 am
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On October 23, 2008 at 3:11 am
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On October 25, 2008 at 6:52 pm
THIS WEB IS COOL IT GIVES U ALOT OF INFO.:)
On October 27, 2008 at 4:59 pm
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On October 30, 2008 at 3:21 pm
ok this is a pretty kew website to help ppl (people) wid there homework or wutever but i still like it!!!!
On October 30, 2008 at 7:38 pm
THANKS!!!:D
On November 3, 2008 at 11:50 am
borrin g
On November 3, 2008 at 5:22 pm
thi sreally helps for science projects…thx:)
On November 9, 2008 at 3:09 pm
this page realy helped me get a report done
On November 16, 2008 at 4:41 pm
Okay is the info correct or not, tell me ppl!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
On November 20, 2008 at 2:38 pm
nice info thankS for HeLp !!!…………
On November 20, 2008 at 5:19 pm
honestly,
your info is great.
dont pay any mind to jackie.
im a ninth grader(14 years old), im doing a report on cells and i absolutley love the subject. it’s great! keep up the great work!
On November 20, 2008 at 6:35 pm
,,i relly cant understand pls have it outline…those important details only….
On November 22, 2008 at 2:14 pm
this helped me in my science project!!
On November 22, 2008 at 2:36 pm
the info’s not correct….
theres more to it than just this…
On November 26, 2008 at 5:44 pm
thanks this is greeeeeeeaaaaaaaaaaaaaatttttttttttttt!!!!!!!!!!!!11
On December 3, 2008 at 12:10 am
you left out golgi complex, lysosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, microtubles, nuclear envelope, and nuclear pores just to let you know it might be a little more helpful if you include them and explain what they do
On December 3, 2008 at 10:19 am
thanks this helped me with my science extra credit.. project. but i think it would help with a lil more information cause i did have a question about smooth and rough er but oh well thanks…
On December 7, 2008 at 6:43 pm
Hey, Thanks-
This Really Helped Me With My Project About Cells!!
On December 8, 2008 at 3:28 pm
hey
this is good info on cells thanks for helping me with my school work!!!
PS: i am 12 and i go to renolds middle school
On December 8, 2008 at 3:35 pm
hi
im ivan im a studant at renolds drrrrr
On December 9, 2008 at 6:28 pm
heyz
itz good info but nerdeh x3z
On December 14, 2008 at 1:07 pm
not bad but kinda hard to understand
On December 14, 2008 at 1:09 pm
i am a nerd
On December 14, 2008 at 5:31 pm
thank you
good job
On December 15, 2008 at 9:17 am
yall have done a good job
On December 18, 2008 at 8:18 pm
i knew that all ready…how am i suposed to write a two page esay with your help?
On January 4, 2009 at 5:10 pm
this will really help me with my project thanks alot!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
:):):)
On January 4, 2009 at 9:03 pm
Sweetheart keep up the good work. For those of you that felt it was boring you are idiots. For those of your that felt the information was incorrect refer the young man to a more useful site instead of giving him unnecssary ctiticisms. This information helped me a lot with trying to help my 7th grader with her science project. I’m sure your parents are very proud of you.
On January 12, 2009 at 7:40 am
thnk u?
its great tht u got such gud info
may god bless u
n dnt worry abt the bad comments
they wrote the bad comments because thy are idiots foolssssss n ofcourse jealous
so take it lite
n
keep rocking!
wth lots of luv n wishes
all the best
On January 18, 2009 at 6:16 pm
Omg did u say u can get money out of this? Howwwww? lol anyways thanks, you helped me with my homework/project a lot! ♫Katie
On January 21, 2009 at 9:17 pm
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On January 21, 2009 at 9:19 pm
dam
On January 24, 2009 at 5:22 pm
this page is the best it hlped me a lot thinks so mach
On January 29, 2009 at 1:38 am
great stuff this helped me som much with my yr 8 science
dont worry bout those people who call you a nerd if it makes you happy do it!!!!
On February 11, 2009 at 1:47 pm
Great job! Very informative!
And to all you a**h***s who commenting saying “lame” or “you are a nerd” screw off guys seriously. If you don’t like the information find another source.
Thanks
On February 13, 2009 at 5:40 pm
I really want to thank you all for posting these comments. I haven’t been looking at my comments for a while, so I’m sorry for not responding. I am greatly honored to have helped you all. I thought in the beginning that this was an easy money-maker, but now realize that I get to help out a bunch of people in the process. This really is my most informative article, but I have another one coming soon. It will be under “Biggest Random Things in the World”. Hope you enjoy!
On February 18, 2009 at 7:55 pm
You guys are jerks if your so good at it make your own freaking site!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
On March 17, 2009 at 5:33 am
Thanks for the info!! it really helped me a lot in my assignment. It doesn’t matter if you’re nerd. You’re doing a good job and you’re helping people. Remember: You posted the whole info, those bad commentors just gave their lame judgement.
Keep up the good work anyway!!!
God Bless!
On March 18, 2009 at 3:12 pm
thanks it helped
On March 19, 2009 at 9:21 pm
Don’t mind what everybody thinks about you…
just be yourself….
and….thank you for saving my life
i have a cells project..
thank you anyway!!!!!
On April 7, 2009 at 6:28 pm
you know your not a nerd how many 10 year old’s do you see that would even take the time to write this the only thing this proves you are is smart. I enjoyed looking at your info although i did not understand it. Annd don’t listen to those jerks, they need to shut up. Don’t let anyone or anything bring you down. Anyway tnxs (thanks) for the info it almost helped!
On April 14, 2009 at 4:14 pm
thanks for the great info it helped alot with my project!! thanks much..
On April 20, 2009 at 4:48 pm
thank you for the great info that you produce to help me and the others
that help me with project and other stuff
On April 20, 2009 at 9:56 pm
thanksi could not find info anywere thanks a lot
the info is great but you should put more animal cells in there
(_/)
(+’.'+)
(”)_(”)
On April 20, 2009 at 9:59 pm
haha that is funny how someone put a mesige in on the same day
(_/)
(+’.'+)
(”)_(”)
On May 17, 2009 at 9:00 am
wow good imformation thanks helps me alot dudes
On July 16, 2009 at 7:59 am
totally rubbish
On August 10, 2009 at 8:14 pm
Animal cells do not have rigid cell walls like plant cells. This allows animal cells to form and adopt various shapes. unlike animal cells, plant cells have chloroplasts for the utilization of sunlight and this is what also gives plant cells their green color…..
More detail can be found at ….
Difference Between Plant and Animal cells
On September 5, 2009 at 11:45 pm
Kid, this is some pretty good info. I’m in the 9th grade and I didn’t know that eukaryotic cells could be called eukaryotes. Be proud little dude. The reason the people commented with stuff like stupid and loser were because they have no lives and that’s all they can do; critize and humiliate or at least try to.
On September 24, 2009 at 5:37 am
woa this stuffs is good…. saves time researching bout all em plant and animals craps. =] thanks =]
On September 29, 2009 at 5:15 pm
This web site wasn’t helpful to me at all, especially since you gave us WRONG information….is it still wrong anyways? IDK but this site didn’t help and your only ten LMFAO OMG I’m never going to use this site again and I strongly encourage everyone else that this site is just a waste of time……
On October 18, 2009 at 12:27 pm
this really helped me with my homework i found it easy to find and ive done all my work in just ten minutes so i can go to town now yay try to put more things to with the difference rather than the fact!!!!!!!!!!
On October 21, 2009 at 6:50 pm
THIS WEBSITE SUCKS !!! IT DIDNT HELP AT ALL!
On October 24, 2009 at 7:47 pm
Thanks alot this really helped me with my science hw
On October 25, 2009 at 7:40 pm
Goood job!! helped me alot
)
just finished my Bio lab
Thankks
On October 27, 2009 at 9:02 pm
bitches
On November 4, 2009 at 11:47 am
wow! Ya sure youre the one who made this thing Mr. Bob? Great job. But its ok if ya got a thing wrong. imagine youre just 10 years old and im 12 and im the one needing ya info? job well done!
Congrats with ya great work!
Ya might help me with my science pop project. Wanna join our club? uhm… i think you can see it or just email me via AOL or YAHOO. my email is written. you shall see it.
On November 5, 2009 at 4:51 pm
Hey Bob, i hope that u really read this comment. Everyone who criticized u should have created their own site since they think that they are so badass. U r only ten years old and yet u knew so much about cells and took out some of your time to post this great information. of course everyone makes mistakes sometimes and u really tried. I mean, u are already getting your money so u didnt even have to help anyone for s**t. They all needed info and if they knew so much why did they go on the computer to find out what they already knew… THEY NEEDED YOUR INFO SO THEY SHOULDNT SAY S**T!!! being a nerd is better than being a low life so be proud. U are really smart so keep it up cuz u have a bright future ahead of u. SORRY FOR THE LONG COMMENT BUT AT LEAST I AM ENCOURAGING U TO KEEP IT UP UNLIKE OTHERS WHO ARE TRYING TO BRING U DOWN WITH THEIR JELOUSY!!!
On January 5, 2010 at 4:03 am
thanks a million for this piece of information. it helped.
those critics are bitches.
On February 25, 2010 at 8:32 pm
DO NOT GO BY THIS WEBSITE!!!!!!!!!
some of the info on here is wrong, check other websites. I’m sorrry Bob, but i don’t want people getting wrong information, the website is clear and organized just work on your actual correct info, some stuff is wrong.
On March 11, 2010 at 7:29 pm
Animal and plant cells all have a nucleus, mitochondria, cyptoplasm, nuclear membrane, glogi bodies, and a vacuole. So everything you said is wrong info for kids who need to know the smilarities and differences of a plant and animal cell.
On March 16, 2010 at 10:59 pm
this is kind of good but i need more stuff…………………:)
On April 6, 2010 at 7:18 pm
thank u for posting it even if it is wrong and think u are a nerd to and i am not your age ha ha ha lol
On April 12, 2010 at 5:19 pm
Thanks, helped me a bunch. =]
On April 14, 2010 at 10:10 am
ok this is a lot for a 10 year old so cool down he will fix it he is probley smater then me soo yea great work!!!!!
On April 14, 2010 at 10:12 am
even though you are a 10 year old….YOUR REALLY SMART!!! thank you so much for helping me with my homework…..and whoever says that your a geek well their a geek cus they’re dumb!!!!tanks!!!!
On April 14, 2010 at 10:13 am
Thanks for ur help saved me alot of resurch!!!!! thanks
On April 19, 2010 at 9:21 pm
i love pigeons
On April 19, 2010 at 9:27 pm
cheeseburgers come from mcdonalds
On April 20, 2010 at 4:28 pm
……………………
On April 27, 2010 at 8:22 pm
this gives me nothing?
On May 6, 2010 at 7:00 am
you helped lots of ppl
it doesnt matter if there are mistakes:)
you can always fix it if the information is wrong:)
and don\’t worry about the people discouraging you
they\’re just jeaolous
so your twelve now?
On May 12, 2010 at 1:27 pm
shut the fcuk up all u b@%$#es this website was soooooooooooooooo dope!!!!!!!!! and whoever is named sexy bitch is sooooooooooooo not sexy. wow bob galore u r sooooooooo smart u should go to yale or harvard!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
On May 12, 2010 at 1:32 pm
shut the fcuk up all u b@%$#es this website was soooooooooooooooo dope!!!!!!!!! and whoever is named sexy bitch is sooooooooooooo not sexy. wow bob galore u r sooooooooo smart u should go to yale or harvard!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
On May 17, 2010 at 1:05 am
wow ur ten that is cool but you need a little more info
On May 19, 2010 at 1:25 pm
um…ok
On May 20, 2010 at 9:00 am
thanks a lot man!!! this really helped me for my exams!!! THANK U SO MUCH DUDE!
On June 10, 2010 at 12:14 pm
thanks fo the help….. and its ok if you make mistakes…. we all humans in the end…… dun criticize the kid….
D ma project is done….
On September 4, 2010 at 8:52 pm
thaks yhu really help me wit my project….. everyone who a human makes mistakes nonone perfect… again thanks …..!!!!!!!!!!!!
On September 14, 2010 at 6:25 pm
thanks alot fore helping me on my home work. people how talks smak about him go some where with your nappy hare
On September 29, 2010 at 6:54 am
wow thank you. i am doing my a levels and this has helped me a lot.
keep up the work well done.
On October 4, 2010 at 1:29 am
Wow, Kudos kid. You’re really smart, and I don’t give compliments often!
On October 5, 2010 at 3:49 pm
AWESOME!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
On October 6, 2010 at 3:47 pm
i used this for a school project……it was great use!
On October 17, 2010 at 2:25 pm
Im 21 and this is actually useful to me, lol, IM LEARNING FROM A 10 YEAR OLD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! *goes back to colouring book*
On November 11, 2010 at 12:18 pm
Hey everybody! It’s Bob, but I am obviously no longer 10 years old. I’m moving on to 13 in about a month. Its been about 2 years since I posted this article, and I’ve hit about 30,000 views. Thanks for all the commentary, I do read them. If you want to read some other articles of mine (nowhere near as popular as this one), I believe you can just type my name in the search bar. If that doesn’t work, try typing in “The Biggest Random Things in the World” That would be my newest article, and I would have to say myself it is random but interesting in some ways. Thank you all again, and have a great Thanksgiving and Christmas! (I do not mean to offend anyone by that last sentence, and I’m sorry I did in any way)
On December 3, 2010 at 1:46 pm
Good job
btw it doesn’t matter how old you are lol, im 16 0.o cuz people are, lol anyways good info helped me with paper for bio
On December 3, 2010 at 1:49 pm
Care x_x damn typos!
On January 23, 2011 at 9:26 pm
wwoow this information is extremely intersting and Bob u r VERY intellegente to even want to come up with a web of ur own that has to do with cells of birds,plants, and animals. dont let these selfish, ignorant, uneducated, distasteful, sons of %$#^@#$ get u down. ur a smart young man and u already posted ur age and they still wanted to be assholes. that goes to show u how awsome U r. heck, im not on this site for no reason. Good luck , kid
On March 15, 2011 at 10:30 pm
Great Job! and youre only ten ? O: .
this helped alot , and don’t worry if you missed information, this is great . Hater’s out there just wanna TROLL TROLL TROLL everything possible without realising someone actually wanted to help .
don’t comment on my spelling x)
thanks , and you’re great
On March 25, 2011 at 6:20 pm
This information is really useful. I can’t get over the fact that you were only 10 when you wrote this! Looks like i’ll need to study a bit harder. People calling you a nerd need to realise that you’ll be the one with a great job when you’re older. It’s not ‘nerdy’, it’s amazing.
On April 12, 2011 at 3:54 pm
arligth,actually it appreciable website since gives well equiped material especially 4 me
On April 14, 2011 at 9:15 pm
whateva i just need to pass science class
On April 14, 2011 at 9:17 pm
whateva i just need to pass science class
On June 9, 2011 at 1:47 pm
not enough please add latest differences
On July 23, 2011 at 11:43 am
plz add more differences…i know more differences then u..:(
On July 27, 2011 at 8:50 am
you’re awesome, kid..
great job!!! ^_^
On January 25, 2012 at 10:55 pm
People are actually still looking at this? Geez, it’s been 4 years! Anyway, I’ve reached 40,000 views! Being completely honest, there is more that I could elaborate on, but I am just too lazy too edit the article. To be sure you are getting correct information, I would recommend cross-referencing this material with another site… I don’t want you to fail you projects or reports!
Thanks everyone for supporting me! Have a happy new year!
On February 14, 2012 at 7:57 pm
Ur so borrigggggggggg do u have a life
On February 14, 2012 at 7:57 pm
Ur so borrigggggggggg do u have a life
On February 14, 2012 at 7:57 pm
Ur so borrigggggggggg do u have a life
On March 28, 2012 at 9:47 am
answer?????
so borrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrring!!!
On September 2, 2012 at 4:44 am
tnx for dis this help me to do my assignment tnx alot
On October 11, 2012 at 10:11 pm
you people are a dolt.The person who wrote this is amazing.KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK and dont listen to those stupids who make fun of you
On November 2, 2012 at 10:08 am
great!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!