Human Skeleton and Body Parts
Published by The Human skeleton provides support, protection, surfaces for muscles attachments, enables movement, stores minerals (calcium and phosphate) and is a site for the production of red blood cells.
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ii. The forearm consist of the humerus, ulna, radius carpals (wrist bones) metacarpals (hand bones) and phalanges (fingers). The radius and ulna of the lower arm form a hinge joint with the distal end of humerus.
b) i. The pelvic girdle is made up of two parts that are similar. Each part consists of three pieces of boned fused together. These are the ilium, the ischium and the pubis. The two ilium bone is a fuse with sacrum. On the posterior end of the ilium is big socket named as the acetabulum. This socket forms the ball and socket joint with the head of the femur.
ii. The bones that are found in the legs are the femur, tibia, fibula tarsals, metatarsals and the phalanges. The distal end of the femur forms a hinge joint with the tibia. The joint is protected by the knee cap or patella. Tibia is bigger than fibula. The tarsals which form the ankle bone are jointed to the metatarsals forming the sole of the feet. All these bones are arranged in such a way to form and arch to give more support.
Arrangement of Bones, Muscles and Tendons in the Arm to Allow Movement
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1. Skeletal muscles are muscles that are attached to the skeletal bones of the body. The force required to enable the movement of the bones at the joint is provided by the contraction of these muscles.
2. Muscles can only contract and relax, they cannot elongate. Contraction of voluntary muscles (skeletal muscles) is caused by nerve impulses stimulating the muscle. Voluntary muscles consist of fibers which are grouped into bundles and enclosed in connective tissues.
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3. Tendons are made up of tough strong fibers which are not elastic but flexible. They are present at the two ends of the skeletal muscle. Tendons connect the muscle to the bone.
4. A contracting muscle pulls on a bone to produce movement. The tendon transfers the force of a contracting muscle to the bone so as to produce the movement.
5. A muscle that has contracted will returns to its original length when it relaxes. Two sets of muscles which act antagonistically enable movement of the limbs. When one of a pair muscles contract the other relaxes.
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6. The biceps muscle of the arm which flexes (bends) the arm is larger and more powerful than the triceps muscle which straightens the arm (extensor). Contraction of the biceps raises the forearm. The triceps is in a relaxed state. When the triceps contacts the forearm is straightened or extended. The biceps is in a relaxed state.
7. The tendon from one end of the biceps is attached to the scapula and the humerus while at the elbow the tendon at the end of the biceps is attached to the radius. When flexing the forearm, the force of the contraction of the biceps is transferred to the bone via the tendon. The radius is pulled upwards causing the arm to flex or bend.
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8. The tendon from one end of the triceps is attached to the scapula and the humerus while the tendon at the other end of the triceps is attached to the ulna. Contraction of the triceps causes the ulna to be pulled downward extending or straightening the arm.
Source of Energy for Muscle Contraction
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9. Muscular contraction is an active process requiring energy. Aerobic respiration occurs in the muscles to generate chemical energy which is used to produce ATP molecules (Adenosine triphosphate) one molecule of glucose when oxidized completely in aerobic conditions can produce 36 molecules of ATP.
This process occurs in the mitochondrion. Muscles are rich in this organelle. So, energy required for muscles contraction, essential to produce the mitochondria.
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10. The function of cartilage and synovial fluid at joints: a) where two bones meet a point is formed. Synovial joints allow free movements. Example are the ball and socket joints of the humerus and the scapula which allow movement in three planes and the hinge joints of the elbow and knee which allow movement in one plane b) the surfaces of the bones which are in contact are covered with a tough cartilage which is slippery and smooth. The joint is enclosed in a capsule filled with the synovial fluid. The cartilage and the synovial fluid allow movement without friction. The fluid also serves as a shock absorber. Ligaments which are tough, elastic connective tissues hold together the two bones at the joint preventing dislocation during movement.
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On July 8, 2009 at 5:07 am
This is an astounding article. Very self explanatory to the layman. Great work Liz
On July 8, 2009 at 6:04 am
Very good MrGhaz and nice timing for me. I am going back to college in August for an associate degree in applied science/medical office technology and am sure this article will benefit me. I seem to retain information better when I can visualize it. Thank you!
On July 8, 2009 at 8:52 am
Interesting article.
On July 8, 2009 at 9:20 am
A fantastic review of human anatomy and the structural framework which allows us to function in life with ease. Thanks for sharing my friend.
On July 8, 2009 at 10:26 am
Excellent article. I have a son born with spinabifida and through the years have collected many books on anatomy. This is so concise it rolls them all into one.
I’ve bookmarked the page.
On July 8, 2009 at 10:45 am
You’re really good in this area. Clap and liked it 4 u.
On July 8, 2009 at 11:43 am
Thanks for the reminder. I got a 100% in ANA 1 and 2. I know this stuff backwards and forwards
On July 8, 2009 at 11:52 am
Outstanding write-up…….Great work
On July 8, 2009 at 4:09 pm
Great, informative article, Mr Ghaz.
On July 8, 2009 at 7:27 pm
A great, informative piece as usual, Mr. G. Keep it up.
On July 8, 2009 at 10:47 pm
now this is an article with a backbone..
On July 9, 2009 at 12:14 am
Excellent explained,great job.
On July 9, 2009 at 12:52 am
Interesting article. Thanks.
Inna
On July 9, 2009 at 2:10 am
Wow, very informative and well written!
Lots of thought and time must have went into this, it shows.
Thanks for sharing!
On July 9, 2009 at 2:23 am
Informative, educational and well written as always.
On July 9, 2009 at 3:28 am
As always, another very informative article, you give so much information, seems there is a bit of new information I learn with each one. Thanks for sharing with us.
On August 10, 2009 at 11:27 pm
Great article as always. well done! Keep it up
On June 27, 2011 at 4:09 am
i am believe that skeleton
On October 26, 2011 at 7:29 am
WOW,great work !! nice article ..